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Single LinkList in Java

Linked List: Linked List contains a sequence nodes which are linked together. Each node contains a connection to another link and data. Linked list is the second most-used data structure after array. Following are the important terms to understand the concept of Linked List. Link − Each link of a linked list can store a data called an element. Next − Each link of a linked list contains a link to the next link called Next. LinkedList − A Linked List contains the connection link to the first link called First. Types of Linked List: Following are the various types of linked list. Simple Linked List − Item navigation is forward only. Doubly Linked List − Items can be navigated forward and backward. Circular Linked List − Last item contains link of the first element as next and the first element has a link to the last element as previous. Basic Operations: Insert:  Inserts at tail,  specific index. Delete: Deletes from the tail.  specific index. ...
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Pointers

Pointers: A pointer is a variable whose value is a memory address. A pointer contains the memory address of a variable that, in turn, contains a specific value. In this sense, a variable name directly references a value, and a pointer indirectly references a value. Syntax: type * variable ; Interpretation: The value of the pointer variable ptr is a memory address. A data item whose address is stored in this variable must be of the specified type. Dynamic Memory Management: C/C++ enables programmers to control the allocation and deallocation of memory in a program for any built in or user defined type. The ability for a program to obtain more memory space at execution time to hold new nodes, and to release space no longer needed is known as dynamic memory management. Syntax: int *num = (int *)malloc(sizeof (int)*numCount); or int *ptr = (int *)calloc(numCount, sizeof (int)); /* returns a pointer to a section of memory just large enough to hold the integers, whose q...
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Strings

STRINGS: A string is a series of characters treated as a single unit. A string may include letters, digits and various special characters such as +, -, *, / and $. String literals or string constants in C are written in double quotation marks. STRING DECLARATION : A string in C is implemented as an array, so declaring a string variable is the same as declaring an array of type char. Syntax: char var[9] = {'S','T','R','I','N','G','S','!'}; OR char string_var[9] = "STRINGS!"; INTERPRETATION: The variable var will hold strings from 0 to 8 characters long. The variable string_var will hold strings from 0 to 8 characters long NULL CHARACTER (‘\0’) : Null character marks the end of a string. All of C’s string handling functions simply ignore whatever is stored in the cells following the null character. When defining a character array to contain a string, the array must be large enough to store the stri...
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Structure

STRUCTURE: A structure is a collection of variables of different types under a single name or in other words structure is a user defined data type. Structures can be used like any other variable. We can make a struct array or used as pointers. SYNTAX: struct structure_name{ type1 id_list1 ; type2 id_list2 ; . . . typen id_listn ; } struct_type ; EXAMPLE: struct number{ int num; char name[10]; }; STRUCTURES WITH FUNCTIONS: • Stucture variables are passed by value by default. • To pass a structure by reference, pass its address. Arrays of structures—like all other arrays—are automatically passed by reference. • To pass an array by value, create a structure with the array as a member. Structures are passed by value, so the array is passed by value. Implementation of Structure in C: #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> //structure declaration struct employee { char name[25]; int id_number; int age; float salary; } emp1 = {"Dummy1",1,24,2...
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Data Types

DATA TYPES in C/C++: Since C and C++ are strongly type languages, therefore every thing must be defined. Variables are classified according to their data type, which determines the kind of information that may be stored in them. Data Types Description C-Keyword Format Specifier integer Integers are whole numbers that can have both positive and negative values but no decimal values.   int   %d or %i Float Floating type variables can hold real numbers precision of 6 digits. float %f Double can hold real numbers with the precision of 14 digits. double %f Character data type allows a variable to store only one character. char %c Implementation in C: #include<stdio.h> int main() { printf(“%d n”,18); //this will print integer printf(“%fn”,32.56); //this will print decimal number printf(“%d %d %dn”,32,56,89); // %d is a place holder for integer and it provide place for one integer printf(“%ld...
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Fundamentals of Programming

Fundamentals of C and C++: Every Programming Languages have some basic rules that should be followed to become a good programmer. Some of them are as follows. Ru les for Declaring Variable Names: Variable name can be any combination of 1 to 31 alphabets, digits or underscore. The first character of variable name should be an alphabet. Commas, blanks or any other special symbols are not allowed in variable name.   C/C++ Keywords: int    double    auto    char    if    else    long    switch    case    enum    register    typedef    struct    extern    return    union    const    float    short    unsigned    continue    for    signed    void    default    goto    sizeof    volatile    do ...
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Conditional Statement

Conditional Statement: A conditional statement is an if-then statement which means that if some statement is true then it follows the if-block of code and if the condition is false then it follows the else-block of code. In the programming world, there are two types of conditional statement namely if-else and switch. if-else Statement: Syntax: if (condition 1) { } else if (condition 2) { } else { }   Implementation of If-else statement in C: Q: Write a program to find the greatest of three numbers. #include<stdio.h> int main() { int a,b,c; printf(“Please Enter First Number “); scanf(“%d”,&a); printf(“Please Enter Second Number “); scanf(“%d”,&b); printf(“Please Enter Third Number “); scanf(“%d”,&c); if (a>b && a>c) { printf(“The Greatest Number is %d”,a); } else if (b>c) { printf(“The Greatest Number is %d”,b); } else { pr...
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